Brain MRI Findings in Patients with Severe COVID-19

A study published in Radiology found that patients with COVID-19 infection exhibit abnormal brain findings other than stroke on MRI. 

The investigators looked at findings from thirty men and seven women whose mean age was 61 years who met the inclusion criteria. The researchers observed the following; signal abnormalities in the medial temporal lobe were noted in 43% of the patients;  30% of the patients had non-confluent multifocal white matter hyperintense lesions on fluid-attenuated  inversion recovery and diffusion sequences, with variable enhancement, with hemorrhagic lesions (30%); and extensive isolated white matter microhemorrhages (24%). The patients with the worse prognosis were those with brain hemorrhage.

                                   

The researchers concluded that patients with severe Covid-19 who did not have ischemic cerebral infarcts had abnormal MRIs with a wide range of findings.

MR Spectroscopy May Predict Disability In MS

Llufriu et al, in their article at JAMA Neurology report findings and promise of MR spectroscopy in the evaluation of clinical disability of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). 

Their study involved 59 patients and 43 healthy controls that were included in a discovery sample and 220 patients in a confirmatory cohort.

Baseline N-acetylaspartate (NAA), myo-inositol (mI) levels in normal-appearing white and gray matter, myelin water fraction in normal-appearing white matter, markers of axonal damage, astrogliosis, and demyelination were evaluated as predictors in a preliminary data set. The potential predictors were subsequently tested for replication in a confirmatory data set. Clinical scores and percentage of brain-volume change were obtained annually over 4 years as outcomes.

NAA and mI had statistically significant effects on brain volume, prompting the use of the mI:NAA ratio in normal-appearing white matter as a predictor.   Furthermore, the mI:NAA ratio predicted clinical disability (Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite evolution: −0.52 points annually, P < .001; Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite sustained progression: odds ratio, 2.76/SD increase in the ratio; 95% CI, 1.32 to 6.47; P = .01) in the preliminary data set and predicted Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite evolution (−0.23 points annually; P = .01), Expanded Disability Status Scale evolution (0.57 points annually; P = .04), and Expanded Disability Status Scale sustained progression (odds ratio, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.94; P = .009) in the confirmatory data set. A new MRI technique allows the estimation of myelin water content derived from the quantification of short T2 relaxometry component. The measure is specific to myelin content and/or its integrity. The myelin water fraction is commonly reduced in normal-appearing white matter, which may reflect active or chronic demyelination.  Myelin water fraction did not show predictive value.

The authors concluded that the mI:NAA ratio in normal-appearing white matter was consistent predictive regarding brain atrophy and neurological disability evolution. The combined presence of astrogliosis and axonal damage in white matter had cardinal importance in disease severity.